Most people know that 2022's Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) was passed to create jobs, catch tax cheats, lower drug prices and rebuild the nation’s basic infrastructure. But what’s frequently missed is that the law also helps homeowners make energy-efficient repairs and upgrades to their places.
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The help comes in the form of federal tax credits: They cover a percentage of the cost to, say, change out your heat pump, upgrade your old windows and doors, or even have an expert perform an energy audit on your house.
The law also authorized the Department of Energy to provide millions to state governments for their own energy assistance programs. Combine these with other state, utility and manufacturer tax credit and rebate programs, and your improvements could pay for themselves in short order.
“In my almost 20 years, I’ve never seen the opportunity (to make energy improvements) so lucrative. This is the best it's ever going to get,” Melanie Paskevich of NeighborWorks of Western Vermont told me. (NeighborWorks is a community-development nonprofit with chapters all over the country.)
The DOE money, which is administered through state energy offices and local nonprofits, tends to go first -- and fast.
“We have enough folks on our waiting list to spend down our allocation every year,” said Joyce Parton of CHN Housing Partners, a NeighborWorks affiliate in Cuyahoga County, Ohio.
The problem is most folks don’t know the extent of what is available. According to the White House, 3.4 million homeowners claimed $8.4 billion in federal tax credits to lower their energy costs in 2023. But that’s only a drop in the bucket of the billions set aside for energy upgrades.
According to a survey by NeighborWorks, half of the 2,500 people polled had no clue about the financial incentives available to them. And almost that many were unfamiliar with the concept of an energy audit, in which a professional analyzes your home's energy flow to pinpoint areas of waste and recommend cost-effective improvements.
“Families could literally be letting money sweep out their windows and doors,” says NeighborWorks spokesman Douglas Robinson.
Adds Paskevich: “People should be banging on our doors” to take advantage of what’s available.
Unlike DOE’s assistance programs, there are no income limitations under the IRA’s tax credit initiative. One of the only qualifications is that the house must be your principal residence. And it usually must be an existing property, but in some instances, a new build also qualifies.
Tax credits are available for 30% of the cost of an energy upgrade, up to $2,000, in the tax year in which it was made. And they can be combined with credits of up to $1,200 for other qualified improvements in the same year for a total credit of $3,200.
You can claim 30% of the cost, up to $1,200, of energy-efficient windows, doors, even skylights and weather stripping. If you invest in renewable energy -- solar, wind, geothermal, fuel cell or battery storage technology -- you can qualify for a clean energy tax credit of 30% of the cost every year until 2032. The credit drops to 26% in 2033 and 22% in 2034.
Except for fuel cells, you may claim the clean energy credit for the above improvements on a second home, too, as long as you live in it part-time and do not rent it out. And you can carry forward any excess credit to reduce your tax bill in subsequent years. Interest on loans to pay for these upgrades cannot be claimed, nor can loan origination fees.
To max out your benefits, though, you may want to undertake your upgrades over several years, starting with an audit to identify the most beneficial improvements.
If you intend to change out your HVAC system, for example, it might be best to add attic insulation first. That way, you can claim 30% of the audit’s cost, up to $150, plus 30% of the cost of the insulation, up to $1,200. Next, you can buy an air-source heat pump and claim 30% of that cost, up to an additional $2,000.
But you aren’t done yet. Most states and public utilities offer rebate programs that you can use on top of the federal initiatives. Even some counties, cities and manufacturers have programs.
Rebate programs vary among states and product manufacturers, and they can differ depending on your income. You’ll have to do some work to find them, but the savings could be significant.
For instance, besides the Fed’s tax credit, most states offer substantial incentives for adding solar panels to your home. Many installation companies also offer zero-down options and net metering, a utility rate program that allows your power company to buy unused solar energy from your panels.
Under its Clean Energy Advantage Loan Program, Maryland provides 24 months of interest-free loans to residents purchasing solar panels by “buying down” the interest rate. Minnesota exempts from its sales tax the cost of purchasing solar energy equipment. And Missouri does the same for qualifying energy-efficient appliances, including dishwashers, refrigerators, water heaters, furnaces and air conditioners (up to $1,500 per appliance, when purchased during a one-week period).
Electric companies also offer incentives ranging from free energy audits to rebates for common household appliances, including smart thermostats and heating and cooling equipment.