A question often considered in financial literacy circles is: "What makes people vulnerable to being scammed?"
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A new financial capability study recently released by the FINRA Investor Education Foundation (which included researchers from the University of Minnesota and RTI International, a nonprofit research institute) addressed this question. The study sought to get a better understanding of "which social and behavioral factors are tied to fraud victimization," especially when it involves scammers who target older adults (tinyurl.com/36ffub2x).
For the study, researchers used data on 905 known fraud victims (mean age of 75) identified by the U.S. Postal Inspection Service.
The victims were asked about mass-marketing solicitations that involved "promises of positive financial opportunities or social rewards." These are known as opportunity-based scams (as opposed to threat-based scams). Forty-nine percent of the victims self-reported a prize or grant fraud, 43% reported a product or services fraud, and 31% reported an investment fraud.
The study found that "engaging in activities that increase fraud exposure -- such as opening junk mail, entering sweepstakes drawings to win prizes, answering unknown calls and interacting with telemarketers -- was tied to a greater number of different fraud victimization experiences."
The study used the Routine Activities Theory (RAT), an approach to analyzing crime that involves "likely offenders, suitable targets and the absence of capable guardians against crime," as detailed in a paper published by the American Sociological Review in August 1979 (tinyurl.com/2nkwc94p).
What makes a target "suitable"? The FINRA study focused on several possible characteristics and behaviors:
-- Older age.
-- Risky activities (things like entering sweepstakes drawings, not hanging up on telemarketers and answering unknown calls).
-- Financial risk preferences and behaviors (such as playing lottery games).
-- Loneliness (those who might have "unmet needs for social stimulation, emotional validation and companionship").
-- Financial fragility (people who indicated they would struggle to cover a $2,000 emergency expense).
There were two surprises discovered during the study: "[E]ngaging in more regular online activity (e.g., active internet use, online shopping and social media use) was associated with a lower number of unique fraud victimization incidents." Also, "Unlike the theoretical framework of RAT, the absence of capable guardians was unrelated to the number of victimization incidents." In both cases, FINRA concluded that more research in these areas was needed.
As for combating elderly fraud efforts, the results "indicate that certain factors might make individuals more susceptible to financial predators who use persuasive messages promising to address unmet needs," adding that consumer education programs "may want to focus on certain risk factors and characteristics, as scammers often exploit these vulnerabilities with promises of financial gains, social connection or emotional support."
FINRA recommended these educational topics:
-- Address loneliness.
-- Enhance financial knowledge so that older individuals know "how to make informed financial decisions and identify scam messages."
-- Provide education to reduce exposure to pitches contained in telemarketing offers and junk mail.
-- Assist older people with budgeting and debt management.
-- Reduce risky financial behaviors. "Educational efforts should teach consumers how to distinguish between legitimate and fake lotteries and sweepstakes and highlight the risks of entering competitions and prize drawings, particularly those that involve an upfront fee or that collect personal information."
Fraud won't be eradicated. Consumers reported losing more than $10 billion to fraud in 2023, according to Federal Trade Commission data based on reports from 2.6 million consumers (tinyurl.com/ydx5r3es). The monetary loss was a 14% increase over the previous year and the first time that fraud losses reached that benchmark. The top two categories for financial loss were investment scams (more than $4.6 billion) and imposter scams (nearly $2.7 billion).
Can fraud be controlled or lessened? Education is essential, and resources are available.
The Office for Victims of Crime, part of the U.S. Department of Justice, has a section on elder fraud and abuse at tinyurl.com/mr25dxrs. Among the resources is the National Elder Fraud Hotline (833-372-8311), which is available Monday through Friday.
The FBI's elder fraud section (tinyurl.com/55yzyswe) lists common elder fraud schemes and provides a link for filing reports about elder fraud to the Internet Crime Complaint Center at ic3.gov.
In the end, it's all about awareness of potential traps.
DISTRIBUTED BY ANDREWS MCMEEL SYNDICATION